SPARS code
The SPARS code is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) for commercial compact disc releases to denote aspects of the sound recording and reproduction process, distinguishing between the use of analog equipment and digital equipment. The code's three positions refer to recording, mixing, and mastering respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.
The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.
Codes
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The three letters of the code have the following meanings:
- First letter – the type of audio recorder used during initial recording (analog or digital)
- Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during mixing (analog or digital)
- Third letter – the type of mastering used (digital for CD releases, analog for cassette and vinyl)
Eight possible variants of the code exist:
- AAA – A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs.[1]
- ADA – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- DAA – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- DDA – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- AAD – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- ADD – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- DAD – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- DDD – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.
In practice DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.
The jewel box booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The typeface Combi Symbols CD includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.
History
[edit]Chris Stone and other members of the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital.[2]
The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by PolyGram in 1984.[3]
SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless.[2] However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code.[2]
Limitations
[edit]Lack of detail
[edit]The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.
Representation of quality
[edit]Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD classical music compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to the so-called premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance, Herbert von Karajan's and Berliner Philharmoniker's rendition of Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, an analogue recording from 1977 that won the Grand Prix du Disque, sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.
Examples
[edit]These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:
Pre-1984 digital recordings
[edit]Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see Digital recording for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:
- Ry Cooder – Bop till You Drop (1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
- Paul Davis – Cool Night (1981; first CD Release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
- ABBA – The Visitors (1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on Compact Disc, itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
- Peter Gabriel – Peter Gabriel (1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
- Donald Fagen – The Nightfly (1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD
Unusual codes
[edit]- Different codes for different tracks
- David Bowie – The Rykodisc reissues of Diamond Dogs (1974), David Live (1974), Station to Station (1976), Low (1977), "Heroes" (1977), and Lodger (1979) feature AAD codes for the main albums and ADD codes for the bonus tracks. The accompanying compilation Changesbowie (1990) likewise uses both AAD and ADD codes, with the latter applying to the songs "Blue Jean" and "Fame '90".
- Celine Dion – Unison (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
- Celine Dion – Celine Dion (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
- Michael Jackson – Dangerous (1991) – DAD/AAD
- Different codes for the same tracks
- Kate Bush – Hounds of Love (1985) – ADD on European CDs and on the disc label of the 1985 US CD, AAD on the back cover of the 1985 US CD.
- Phil Collins – No Jacket Required (1985) – ADD on the back cover, AAD on the rear booklet.
- The Cure – Pornography (1982) – ADD on European CDs and the back cover of US CDs, AAD on the disc label of US CDs.
- King Crimson – Three of a Perfect Pair (1984) – ADD on the 1984 US CD, AAD on the 1988 Japanese CD.
- Queen – A Kind of Magic (1986) – DDD in most regions, ADD on the US CD release.
- Sting – The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985) – AAD on early European CDs, ADD on later CDs, DDD on the Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab CD.
- A/DDD
- Mötley Crüe – Decade of Decadence 81-91 (1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.
- DD
- DMP albums were recorded "Direct to Digital" (a digital equivalent of Direct-to-disc recording) with no mixing step. Notable among them are the albums of digital recording pioneers Flim & the BB's.
- AAA
- Aerosmith – Get a Grip (1993) – AAA (printed on CD releases despite CDs requiring a digital master)
- David Bowie – Rykodisc's vinyl and cassette editions of his back catalogue – AAA and/or ADA
- The Thermals – Personal Life (2010) – AAA (printed on vinyl issue)
- ADA
- HB – The End of New Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA
- AADSD
- Atlantic Records' Atlantic 75 Audiophile Series (2023-2024) features this code for the Direct Stream Digital layer on Super Audio CD releases (the Compact Disc Digital Audio layer, meanwhile, uses the standard AAD code).
- DAD
- Simple Minds – Street Fighting Years (1989) – DAD
- Erasure – The Innocents (1988) – DAD
- Gin Blossoms – New Miserable Experience (1992, original issue) – DAD
- They Might Be Giants – Flood (1990) – DAD
- Ministry – Psalm 69 (1992) – DAD
- Destiny in Space/Blue Planet/The Dream Is Alive – Original Motion Picture Soundtracks (Released together on one CD, 1994) – DAD
- ABC – How to Be a...Zillionaire! (1985) – DAD
- Pixies – Bossanova (1990) – DAD
- D-A-D – Riskin' It All (1991) – DAD
- Joe Sample – Sample This (1997) – DAD
- DDDD
- Wendy Carlos – Switched-On Bach 2000 (1992) – DDDD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital; this may not be a SPARS-endorsed code.)
- Haswell & Hecker – Blackest Ever Black (Electroacoustic UPIC Recordings) (2007) – DDDD
- DDAD
- Front 242 – 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off (both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)
- DDA/DDD
- Kenny Roberts – You're My Kind of People and It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You) (1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)
See also
[edit]- Comparison of analog and digital recording
- Digital recording
- Sound recording and reproduction
- High Definition Compatible Digital
References
[edit]- ^ McComb, Gordon; Cook, John (1987), Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair, McGraw-Hill, p. 55, ISBN 0-8306-2790-1
- ^ a b c Caldwell, Pete (1999). "SPARS History: 1979–". Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ "Audio/Video Currents". High Fidelity. October 1984.
- ^ Milner, Greg (2009). "Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)". Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0865479388.